Mark-1

• Designed by Howard Akien(1900-1973), a Harvard engineer in 1937.


• Mark-1 was the first automatic electromechinal computer.


• Maek-1 was 51 ft. tall and 3 ft. wide having 18000 vaccum tubes.


• Mark-1 used instruction stored in papper tapes and punch cards.


• Mark-1 consist of 7 lakhs 50 thousend parts.

Jon Von Neumann

• Jon Von Neumann was the doctorate in mathematics from the University of Budapest on set theory.
• Jon Von Neumanndesigned the EDVAC with team of J.P Eckert and J.W. Mauchly.
• Jon Von Neumannintroduced the concept of having a stored programe in memory in 1945.
• This concept led to the beginning of the first generation of the computers.

Lady Augusta Add Lovelace

• An English Mathematician (daughter of English Poet Lord Byron) carried forward yhr work ofCharles Babbage.
• Lady Augusta Add Lovelace developed programes for performing mathematical calculation on the Analytical Engine.
• Lady Augusta Add Lovelace was first computer programmer.
• One programming language 'Ada' was named after her.

Charles Babbage

• A professor of mathematics developed a machine called Difference Engine in 1822.
• In 1833, he developed the Analytical Engine.
• He is known as the Father of the modern computer as his invention Analytical Engine hadthe work for more of the characteristics of modern computers.

Hollerith Tabulator

• Developed by Ana American Dr. Hermam Hollerith(1869-1926) in 1887.
• Hollerith Tabulator Used punched cards for input, output and instructions.
• This machine was used by American Department of Census.
• In 1886, he founded the tabulating machine company which was renamed as IBM(International Business Machine) later.

Analytical Engine

• Developed by Charles Babbage in 1833.
• Analytical Engine had store for storing data and introduction result.
• Analytical Engine had an output device to produce printed result.
• Analytical Engine had a unit for calculation 'mill'.
• All the modern computers are based on analytical engine

Difference Engine

• Design by Charles Babbage(1792-1871) an English mathmatematician, in 1822.
• Difference Engine could solve equations.
• This project could not be completed due to lack of funds.
• Difference Engine is housed in the Science Museum, London and all is till in perfect working order.

Stepped Reckoner

• Developed by Gottfried Wilhelm Von Leibniz(1646-1716), a German Mathematician &philosopher in 1694.
• Stepped Reckoner could evaluate square roots by series of stepped addition.
• The centerpiece of this machine was its stepped-drum gear design.
• Could perform all four of the basic arithmetic functions-addition, subtraction, multiplicationand division.

Pascaline

• Developed by Blaise Pascal(1623-1662) in 1642 to help his father's tax work.
• Pascaline contain eight dials, gears and wheels.
• Pascaline was capable of performing additions and subtractions up to 8 digits.
• Pascaline could add and subtract by the movement of wheels, not used for division and multiplication.

Slide Rule

• Made-up by William Ought red(1574-1660), an English Mathematician in 1620.
• An analog device used the principle of logarithms.
• Could perform simple multiplication and division problems.
• Consist of 2 graduated scales, devised in such a way that suitable alignment of one against othermakes it possible to obtain products, quotients etc.

Napier's Bones

• Fashioned by John Napier(1550-1617), a Scottish mathematician and scientist.
• The first multiplication mechanical aid to calculations.
• There are 9 different “bones” are used.

Abacus

• The first mechanical aid to calculations.
• Calculations are performed by manipulating thebeads.
• Abacus is a rectangular box. Divided into two parts by mid bar. Upper part is called heaven consist oftwo.

History and Evolution of computer

Definition

Attempt to generate a self-motivating and scheming engine that would imitate many of the thinking patter of human being has been a centuries-long search for many inventors. The eighteenth century Turk was alleged to be a chess-playing android which overcome the likes of Napoleon Bonaparte and Benjamin Franklin in chess matches; it was later revealed that the Turk was a ruse forbidden by a man inside the machine. Still, the idea for create a human-like accepted wisdom machine remained alive and well into the twentieth century. Konrad Zuse, a German engineer, developed the primary truly programmable computer in 1941. It used a stream of text tape with holes punch into it to perform calculation based on a multifaceted algorithm. History and Evolution is listed by

• Abcaus
• Napier's Bones
• Slide Rule
• Pascaline
• Stepped Reckoner
• Difference Engine
• Analytical Engine
• Hollerith Tabulator
• Charles Babbage
• Lady Augusta Add Lovelace

Disadvantage of computer

• Repair and maintenance is required ferquently.
• People are becoming too much dependent on computers.Very difficult to maintain the privacy.
• Computer is expensive and still not affordable.
• computer really on electricity such as limit their reliability.
• Sopil eye sight if look on the moniter.
• Computer cannot be used on the dursty and the rough envourmment.porn stuff.
• Illegal work can ruin business.
• Computer can be hancked hence important information is no longer as safe computer useb to be.
• Skilled user is required to work with the computer.

Advantage of computer

• Computer is a reable machine and performs the task with 100% accurancy rate.
• Computer is versatile as it can di many types of jobs once at a time.
• Copmaring with human being its must faster.
• lower total cost of ownership.
• Computer can be veru useful while doing repeated tasks.
• On the move.
• Easier to customize.
• High level of security.
• Computer contain many programe that allow you tom present a pice work in a professional manner.
• Reduced dependance on software vendors.
• Back- up copies of works can be made easily, without having to-write every thing.
• Computer are tools like spelling and grammar check.
• Do not see a significent advantage.
• Computer provide us Entertainment
  
  

Application of Computer

Computer use in large areas such as banking , education, hospital, industries, research, hospital, data procesing, science and technology, offices, railways, advertisement, communication, library, simulation, weather forecasting etc.

• Banking and Financial Company- Computer are used in the bank and financial company for electronic money transfer, statistical repoat, voucher, ldger, balabce sheet etc.
• Industries- It research, budgeting, process contorl all are computer based in morden industries.
• Hospital- Hospitals, computer are applied in medicine, surgery, research, diagnose, disease etc.
• Education - Computer can be used as teaching learning tool, result processing, students' data processing, question prepration, handouts and note preparation etc.
• Advertisement- Computer are used for advertisement such as business advertisement, film adertisement. It is also used to make cartoon films, special effects and image processing.
• Science and Engineering- Computer is strong tool for every branch of engineering such as civil, electrical, aeronautic etc.
• Communication- E-mail, e-fax, internet etc are computer based communocations. The computera and internet is the backbone of recent communication.
• Library-Coimputer software are used for the management of library. Computer used for keeping books, borrowing books, updating the records etc.
  

Limitation of computer

Although computer are very useful device and appilied and varius fields but there are limitation of computer.

• computer can not memorize and recall an needed by it.
• Computer does not have its own intelligency, computer is dull machine.
• Instructions are needed to perform any task.

Capabilities and capability-based security

It performs compution at enourmous speed wirh 100% accuracy rate.It perform provides job repeatedly without dart and tired.It provides us information while can used in future for different purpose. the only exception is "at most one special type of capability system ",in which the manipulation of capabilites must be done by be believe hardware. A capability is defined to a protected object reference which, by virture of its possession by a user process. Capability-based security is a concept in the design of secure computing systems. A capability (known in some systems as a key) is a communicable, unforgivable token of authority. A user program on a capability-based operating system must use a capability to access an object. Capabilities are typically stored by the operating system in a list, with some mechanism in place to prevent the program from directly modifying the contents of the capability (so as to forge access rights or change the object it points to).At last , when a capability propagates between compartments, security policy and identities must be checked.

Definition Of Computer

Computer is an Electronic Device. Technically a Computer is a progarmmable Machine. That can store, retrieve, and process data . Today's computers have at least one Center process unit that performs most calculations and includes a main memory, a control unit, and an arithmetic logic unit. Today, however, the term is most often used to refer to the laptop and desktop computers that most people use. The computer itself not the monitor, keyboard, and mouse.The two principal characteristics of a computer are:

• It responds to a specific set ofa progrm in a well-defined manner.
• It can execute a prerecorded list of a program.